Cancer Genomics Conference: New Era for Cancer Prevention January 21-22, 2019 Dubai, UAE

Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, which is spread to different body parts, that leads to formation of lumps or masses of tissue called tumours. One among the leading causes of death all over the world is Cancer. Based on the location of cancer in the body organ, the Organ Specific Cancers are named. There are different kinds of cancers which effects  different body organs. Some of them are   Brain cancer, Head and Neck Cancer, Breast cancer, Prostate cancer, Lung cancer, Oral cancer, Liver cancer, Gastric cancer, Pancreatic cancer, Kidney (Renal Cell) cancer, Leukemia and many more. 

The cancer that grows from breast tissue is called as Breast cancer.  Signs of breast cancer may comprise a lump in the breast, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, an alteration in breast shape,  or a red scaly patch of skin. In those with distant spread of the disease, there may be swollen lymph nodes, bone pain, shortness of breath, or yellow skin. Risk factors comprises being female,  lack of physical exercise, obesity, hormone replacement therapy during menopause, drinking alcohol,  ionizing radiation, early age at first menstruation, older age,  having children late or not at all, and family history. Counting BRCA1 and BRCA2 among others, about 5–10% of cases are due to genes inherited from a person's parents. 

Gynecologic Oncology also called Cervical Cancer and it is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide. This cancer is not so common in the United States and other countries where cervical cancer screening is repetitive. Cervical cancer is mostly caused due to a virus called Human papillomavirus or also predicted as HPV. There are numerous kinds of the HPV virus, but all of HPV does not reason cervical cancer. Certain of them cause genital warts, but other types may not display any Cervical Cancer signs and symptoms . An infection can go away on its own. But occasionally it can cause genital warts or can also central to cervical cancer, it's significant for women to have regular Pap tests. 

Pediatric cancer is also called as Childhood cancer which is cancer in a child. In the United States, an subjectively adopted standard of the ages used are 0–14 years wide-ranging, that is, up to 14 years 11.9 months of age. However, in some cases the meaning of childhood cancer comprises adolescents between 15–19 years old. Pediatric oncology is the branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and cure of cancer in children. In the Universe, it is assessed that pediatric cancer has an incidence of more than 175,000 per year, and a mortality rate of approximately 96,000 per year. In the urbanized countries, pediatric cancer has a mortality rate of nearly 20% of cases. In low resource settings, on the other hand, mortality is nearly 80%, or even 90% in the world's poorest countries.  

A brain tumor occurs when unusual cells form within the brain. Malignant or cancerous tumors and benign tumors are the two main types of tumors. Cancerous tumors can be distributed into primary tumors which starts within the brain, and the secondary tumors which are spread from anywhere else, identified as brain metastasis tumors. All sorts of brain tumors may produce symptoms that differ depending on the brain part involved. These symptoms may comprise problem with vision, vomiting, headaches, seizures, and mental changes. The headache is characteristically worse in the morning and drives away with vomiting. More particular problems may include difficulty in walking, speaking, and with sensation. As the disease advances unconsciousness may occur. 

Hematologic Oncology is the branch of medicine deals with the diagnosis, prevention, treatment of disease identified with blood. Hematology includes the study of etiologist comprises the treatment of disease that influence the construction of blood and its parts, for example, platelets, hemoglobin, blood proteins, bone marrow, platelets, veins, spleen, and the component of coagulation. The research facility work that goes into the study of blood is much of the time done by a medical technologist or therapeutic lab researcher. There are different disorders that people are influenced by hematology. The different type of blood conditions that are looked at incorporate anemia, hemophilia, general blood clots, bleeding disorders With reverence to related blood diseases, for example, leukemia, myeloma, and lymphoma, these are more serious cases that should be analyzed.

An antibody that either treats existing malignancy or averts improvement of a growth is called tumor immunization which accounts cancer immunology.  The third and last stage in tumor development is Tumor progression. By expanded development speed and invasiveness of the tumor cells, this stage is arranged. It was investigated by Obeid et al. how inducing immunogenic cancer cell death ought to become a priority of cancer chemotherapy.

He gave a reason that, via a ‘bystander effect’, the immune system would be able to play a factor in destroying chemotherapy-resistant cancer cells. However, the depth in the research is still necessary on how the immune response is triggered against dying tumour cells. 

Radiation oncology is the medical field concerned with prescribing radiation, and is separate from radiology. Radiation oncology is the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis. Radiation may be recommended by a radiation oncologist with intent to cure ("curative") or for adjuvant therapy. It may also be used as therapeutic treatment (where the therapy has survival benefit and it can be curative) or palliative treatment (where cure is not possible and the aim is for local disease control or symptomatic relief) . It is also mutual to combine radiation therapy with chemotherapy, surgery, hormone therapy,  or some mixture of the four. Radiation therapy treats most common cancer types in some way. Radiation therapy also called Radiotherapy, commonly abbreviated RT, RTx, or XRT, is therapy using ionizing radiation, generally as portion of cancer treatment to control or kill malignant cells and normally delivered by a linear accelerator. 

Clinical Oncology comprises Medical Oncology (MO), Surgical Oncology (SO), Gynecologic Oncology, Hematologic Malignancies. Medical oncology interconnects the results of clinical and experimental study in oncology and haematology, mainly with experimental therapeutics with the field of immunotherapy and chemotherapy. A surgical and non-surgical oncologist specializes in the elimination of the tumours and nearby tissue during an operation. Hematologic malignancies are forms of cancer that begin in the cells of blood-forming tissue, such as the bone marrow, or in the cells of the immune system. Thus clinical oncology and Cancer Stem Cell is a unique therapeutic approach.

The study of the factors affecting cancer is called as epidemiology of cancer, as a way to infer possible trends and causes. The study of cancer epidemiology uses epidemiological methods in certain population to find what are the cancer  causes and to identify in order to develop improved treatments. Basing on the progress of the disease, Cancer epidemiology is principally concerned with the study of cancer, its causes, detection, and treatment. 7.98 million people died in the year 2010 due to Cancer and Approximately 12.7 million cancers were diagnosed every year.  

Increase in the age increases the high risk of cancer. The common childhood cancers are lymphomas around 14%, leukemia around 34%, and brain tumors around 23%. Cancer epidemiology study must contend with problems of  lead time bias and length time bias.  

The appearance of signs or symptoms or through screening, the cancers are initially predictable. Neither of these indications to a definitive diagnosis, which entails the examination of a tissue sample by a pathologist. Medical tests are done to reveal the investigations in People with suspected cancer. These commonly include  X-rays, CT scans, blood tests, and endoscopy.

The tissue diagnosis from the biopsy indicates the type of cell that is proliferating, genetic abnormalities, its histological grade, and other features. Together, this information is useful to assess the prognosis and to pick the best treatment. 

Biomarkers are limited to measurement of  proteins in the blood or urine. Biomarkers refers to a substance or process that indicates the presence of cancer in the body. There are different  biomarkers used for the prognosis, diagnosis and epidemiology like epigenetic, Genetic,   glycomics, proteomic, and imaging biomarkers. A number of gene and protein based biomarkers have already been used at some point in patient care; including:

·         PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) (Prostate Cancer),

·         AFP (Liver Cancer), 

·         BRCA1 / BRCA2 (Breast/Ovarian Cancer), 

·         BRAF V600E (Melanoma/Colorectal Cancer), 

·         CA-125 (Ovarian Cancer), BCR-ABL (Chronic Myeloid Leukemia),  

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) is the cancer cells found inside tumors  that possess characteristics associated with normal stem cells called which have the capability to give growth to all cell types found in a particular cancer sample. CSCs may generate tumors through the stem cell processes of self-renewal and variation into multiple cell types. Such cells are hypothesized to persevere in tumors as a distinct population and cause relapse and metastasis by giving rise to new tumors. Therefore, for improvement of survival and quality of life of cancer patients,  development of specific therapies targeted at CSCs holds hope, particularly for patients with metastatic disease. Mostly based on animal models Existing cancer treatments have been advanced, where therapies able to endorse tumor shrinkage were deemed effective. 

To quantify distress in men treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) or active surveillance (AS). Methods: In a retrospective cross-sectional design, we assessed men through questionnaire and investigator-designed questions. Results: RP patients worried more about cancer spread than AS patients. RP patients were influenced by friends for treatment decision, whereas AS patients were influenced by urologists. RP group report declines in intimacy and instrumental. AS men worried more about future health and dying than post-RP men. Conclusion: Fear of disease progression may be a motivating factor in choosing RP. AS patients adhere to their treatment decision in spite of distress.

Drug collaboration in oncology is of specific importance attributable to the tight healing list and the unchallengeable lethality of anticancer specialists. Besides treating cancer, it is also necessary to  relieve symptoms of the cancer such as pain and side-effects, such as nausea, commonly seen with the several types of treatment. Some of the anticancer drugs are Cabazitaxel, Cetuximab, etc... Chemotherapy drug combinations are as such Cisplatin, Crizotinib.

Surgery applied to oncology is called Surgical oncology, applied to oncology which includes the surgical management of tumours, mainly cancerous tumours. There are other names of Surgical oncologist as general surgical oncologist, thoracic surgical oncologists, subspecialty of general surgery, gynecologic oncologists experienced  in handling  the cancer patients.

Cancer pharmacology referred as Chemotherapy (frequently abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or  CTx) is a class of cancer treatment. Chemotherapy uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as portion of a consistent chemotherapy regimen. In the cancer pharmacology combination of drugs are used to extend life or to decrease symptoms which is palliative chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is one of the major groups of the medical discipline specifically devoted to pharmacotherapy for cancer, which is named medical oncology. To avoid these implications, recently developed treatments (against specific molecular or genetic targets) which constrain growth-promoting signals coming from classic endocrine hormones like primarily estrogens for breast cancer and androgens for prostate cancer, are named hormonal therapies, whereas the reticence of other growth-promoting influences is called as targeted therapy.

Cancer screening targets to detect cancer before symptoms appear. This may involve urine tests, blood tests,  other tests, or medical imaging. Early detection and subsequent treatment must be considered against any troubles, which are benefits of screening in terms of cancer prevention, The Universal screening, is also known as mass screening or population screening, which includes screening everyone, usually within a specific age group. People with a family history of cancer are known to be at higher risk of developing cancer are identified as Selective screening. 

An oncology nurse is a specified nurse who cares for the cancer patients. These nurses require progressive certifications and clinical skills in oncology additional than the typical bachelorette nursing program provides. Oncology nursing care can be defined as meeting the various needs of oncology patients during the period of their disease counting appropriate screenings and other preventative practices, symptom management, care to hold as much normal functioning as possible, and supportive measures upon end of life. Nurses must be able to manage the numerous side effects related with cancer and the treatment. Nurses must have widespread knowledge of pharmacological and non-pharmacological nursing intrusions, and when they are appropriate to use.  

The information of the preventive or therapeutic interventions is given by the case reports of oncology and Cancer Stem Cell , as these generally require stronger evidence. Thus a case report is an enlarged report of all the particulars of a disease or of a disorder usually made for an individual patient regularly logged in the medical field. The demographic profile of the patient suffering from disease is given by case reports, but stereotypically reference any unusual or unique occurrences. In this Cancer based conference, various special cases where treatment was undiscovered or a special case which might lead the understandings into the Oncology research are discussed.